Secondary & Community Web Quest
Created by C. E. Whitehead
Email: cewcathar@hotmail.com

 

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Introduction Assignments Timeline The Land
Mired In The Great Dismal Swamp Interlude: Indians and the Land
Interlude: Slavery, Pro and Con: Arguments Interlude: Slave Ship Narratives and Maps Interlude: African Views of the Land The Household Taverns and Public Places The Church: Quaker Religion and Other Religion in North Carolina
Afterward: Land Use in the Roanoke, Tar, and Rock River Regions of North Carolina Today Afterward: Everyman's Right Resources  

Introduction

What did land mean to our predecessors in 18th Century America?

You probably know that in the past, many more Americans were involved in farming than are today. Was all land used for farming? Did land mean the same things to all groups? White, Black? European, Indian? Slave, Servant, Landowner? Man, Woman? Or did different groups make different uses of the land, and create different images of the land?

For the next six weeks, in this on-line unit, you will be exploring 18th century perspectives in the Albemarle and Pamlico Sound Regions of North Carolina, consulting and interpreting on-line documents (both texts and images), the way actual historians do.

You will put together a portfolio of writing in response to the documents, and you will be discussing and debating land use with your classmates. Some of the contents of your portfolio will be published; and you will have an opportunity to read aloud--to an audience at a local book store--a legend you create!

Begin by reading some of the quotations on-line, to see which ideas and perspectives interest you. Use the guide questions (in green type) to help you as you think about and critique the documents. Then choose a perspective to take as you create your own documents.

--Your Teacher

Assignments: Perspectives
Choose one of the following perspectives. You will be working in groups of about 4.

Choose your gender and age.
  • Male or female
  • Age: any age old enough to create the journal and perspective
Assignments: List
  1. Illustrating a Quotation from the Site
  2. Locating Land Deed on a Map
  3. Completing table of household items for the Culpeppers, Using their wills
  4. Document Analysis: Picture
  5. Document Analysis: Non-picture
  6. Tall Tale/Legend of the Dismal Swamp: Partner
  7. Comparison of Two Tales of 'the Lost Colony': Partner
  8. 'Log,' or 'Captioned Artifacts and Visuals,' or 'Swamp Cartoon:' Partner, and Jigsaw
  9. Oral History on Changing Land: Interview With a Community Elder
  10. Essay 1: Perspective on Changing Land Use in the Region: Partner and Jigsaw
  11. Essay 2: Perspective on "Everyman's Right" in the Region--compared with Finland
Close: Evaluation of perspectives gained, Usefulness of Resources; Publication of a Hypothetical Albemarle & Pamlico Sound Newspaper from the Period of the French-Indian War--containing written & Visual "artifacts" (advertisements for products, slave auctions, runaway slaves, community issues; letters/cartoons about policy including land/land use, slavery, war--each student submits one item, his/her choice).

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Timeline

[1660]  [1700]  [1740]
[1670]  [1710]  [1750]
[1680]  [1720]  [1760]
[1690]  [1730]  [1770]

-1660
  • 1662. Virginia law determines child's status (slave or free) according to the status of the mother, not the father, in a break with traditional English law.
  • 1663. Maryland Settlers pass law stipulating that all imported blacks are to be given the status of slaves. Free white women who marry black slaves are to be slaves during the lives of their spouses. (For more information, see Innercity.org.)
    1663. Charles II Grants a Charter for the Colony of Carolina to the 8 "Lords Proprietors" who had helped him regain the throne.
  • 1665. A second charter is granted, making the territory more specific.
  • 1669. John Locke writes the "Fundamental Constitution" as a model for the government of Carolina
The Land

The Homestead
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
The Charter

Questions for Thought:

Who granted the charter for the land? To whom? How much land? By what rights was this granted?

[Return to Menu] 		  Mired in the Great Dismal Swamp

Dismal swamp Canal from Coastal Guide
The Dismal Swamp Today--the Canal
(Image from Coastal Guide to North Carolina



Colonel William Byrd of Virginia's Proposal to Drain the Dismal Swamp
(Byrd suggests draining the Dismal Swamp and cultivating it using slave labor.
In his section entitled, "A DESCRIPTION OF THE DISMAL," Byrd describes trees that are found in swamp above--pine, white cedar, black berry bush which produces a black dye.)
Read more about Byrd's Original survey of the swamp, and the man himself.

Question for Thought:
Research cultivation methods below, at Land Use, Indians and the Land, and African Views of the Land;
What would happen to these trees if the swamp were cultivated?



Swampy Lore



Question for Thought:
Can you find similarities between any of these tales? Which ones? Which explanations for the lady in the lake do you like best, the natural phenomena explanation, or the story of the lost love? Or do you prefer a little of both?

Maps of the Ecosystem

Use these maps to create your journal or artifacts and visual images collection.


[Continue Reading About the Dismal Swamp!]


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-1670
  • 1672. King James I of England, VI of Scotland, condemns the use of tobacco.
-1680
-1690
-1700
-1710
  • 1711. Colony of Carolina separated into North and South Carolina.
    North Carolina Surveyor John Lawson Executed by Indians in Land Dispute.
  • 1711-1715. Tuscacora War
  • 1718. North Carolina Pirate Blackbeard Killed
-1720
  • 1728. Colonel William Byrd of Virginia's Team surveys the dividing line
  • 1729. North Carolina falls again under the crown, excepting one portion in the North.
-1730
  • 1730. Virginia Tobacco Inspection Laws passed
  • 1739. Beginning of "Spanish Alarm"
-1740
  • "Spanish Alarm" continues till 1748.
  • 1741. Edgecombe County formed
  • 1748. Arthur Whitehead of Isle of Wight County, Virginia, who owns land in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, gives a tract of Edgecombe County land to one of his sons, Nathan Whitehead
-1750 Land Use in North Carolina: Farming, Tobacco, and Wood Products

Harvest Moon from American Memory Collection Left:  "Harvest Moon" (from the American Memory Collection)

The History Channel: Harvest Festivals and Halloween:
"As European immigrants came to America, they brought their varied Halloween customs with them. Because of the rigid Protestant belief systems that characterized early New England, celebration of Halloween in colonial times was extremely limited there. It was much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups, as well as the American Indians, meshed, a distinctly American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebrations included "play parties," public events held to celebrate the harvest, where neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell each other's fortunes, dance, and sing. Colonial Halloween festivities also featured the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making of all kinds."
Early Thanksgiving customs are described at Early America.com.




For thought:
  1. The History Channel states that European harvest customs meshed with those of the American Indians. What harvest celebration(s) can you think of that Europeans in the New World got from the Indians? For more information see the festivals described in the Iroquois Constitution linked to below at Interlude: Indians and the Land

Virginia Gazette announcement advertising indentured servants
(Note: servants might come from Newgate prison, or be persons lured, children included, with promises of a land of eden, according to Marcus W. Jernegan, 1971! COnditions on ships were not always good and had to be regulated.)

Virginia and Pennsylvania Gazette ads for runaway servants and slaves from the surrounding area

". . . the most popular time for flight was harvest (September-November), followed by the spring planting (February-April). Those seasons demanded the most intense labor and generally offerred favorable conditions for escape. Thus, slaves chose shrewdly when to run."
--Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley; (1992); A History of African Americans in North Carolina (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History/North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources): 26.

Upper New River Group's Plows Through the Ages--Including 18th Century Plows

Northern North Carolina Products

Plantation America: The Work of Slaves (from the Duke University Library)

Living on the Land

    Patton, Biography of James Patton
    Patton, a poor Irish immigrant, trades in skins, tobacco, and farm goods, among other things, before finally settling down. Here is advice to his young on money and servants!

The Changing Land

  • North Atlantic Climate Change
  • Effects of Land Use:
    North Carolina Agricultural History--from the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Resources

    Question for Thought:
    1. Who wrote this article? Who does he work for? What is his purpose? What are some of the hardships he says early farmers faced? When he says there is more forest today than in the past, what past is he talking about, before or after the arrival of Europeans? Where are most agricultural lands today? Why? Can you think of any problems that might result from using fertilizers? How might these be solved? What about growing trees for paper--would this result in any problems?

Interlude: Indians and the Land

Interlude: African Views of the Land

Afterward: Land Use in the Roanoke, Tar, and Rock River Regions of North Carolina Today


[Return to Menu]
-1760
-1770
 
Interlude: Indians and the Land

Questions for Thought:

  1. Compare the shell strings described in this constitution with those given to the new colony of Roanoke. What do the shell strings signify according to the constitution? To whom are these given?
  2. What do the Iroquois call all of their festivals? How many of these festivals are there? What events do these festivals celebrate? Are there any festivals celebrated in the U.S. today that might be based on the Iroquois festivals? Compare the ideas of land and nature in these festivals with those described in the Indian Legends page.
  3. Who are the "lords" referred to in the Iroquois Constitution? Compare this document with the excerpts from the Charter granted to the "Lords Proprietors of North Carolina" above. Are there any similarities between the two documents? Are these documents both the same type of document or are they somehow different.
  4. Who are the "lords" referred to in the Iroquois Constitution? Compare this document with the excerpts from the Charter granted to the "Lords Proprietors of North Carolina" above. Are there any similarities between the two documents? Are these documents both the same type of document or are they somehow different? What about between this document and John Locke's "The Fundamental Constitution of Carolina" (at Yale University's Avalon Law School? Or between this document and The U.S. Constitution (at Constitution.org) and Bill of Rights?


[Return to Menu] 		Interlude: African Views of the Land

In Africa

House and Compound, Sierra Leone, from the Hitchcock Collection at U. Va.


In America [Return to Menu]
Interlude: Slavery, Pro and Con: Arguments

Pro:

  • George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! (Or "Slaves Without Masters"):
    "I have endeavored, in this work, to treat the subjects of Liberty and Slavery in a more rigidly analytical manner than in "Sociology for the South;" and, at the same time, to furnish the reader with abundance of facts, authorities and admissions, whereby to test the truth of my views.
    My chief aim has been to shew, that Labor makes values, and Wit exploitates and accumulates them; and hence to deduce the conclusion that the unrestricted exploitation of so-called free society, is more oppressive to the laborer than domestic slavery."

For Thought:
  1. Why would "the relaxation of slavery" harm the laboring classes according to the author? Could there be any other reasons for hunger and poverty in 16th-17th century Europe besides the emancipation of the peasants? What other things happened in Europe (environment, population, legal) between the Middle Ages and this period?
  2. What do you think of the author's comments on the happiness of the Southern Negroes under slavery?--see Chapter I)? Did slaves on plantations ever go hungry?
  3. Why does Fitzhugh think the south can do better without the north? What does Fitzhugh argue that the north consumes? Do consumers in the south ever consume anything frivolous? What things might southerners consume, including planters, free persons, and slaves? Which of these groups might consume more?

Con:

  • InnerCity.org, Holt House, "Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism":
    "Barbot, . . . French . . . , says, 'Abundance of little Blacks, of both sexes, are stolen away by their neighbours, when found abroad on the road, or in the woods, or else in the corn-fields, at the time of year when their parents keep them there all day to scare away the devouring birds.' That their own parents sell them is utterly false: Whites, not Blacks, are without natural affection!"
    --John Wesley (1774), Thoughts Upon Slavery, John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life, 1996 by Ruth A. Daugherty; cited at InnerCity.org, Holt House.

Images of the Slave Trade [Return to Menu] 		Interlude: Slave Ship Narratives
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The Household

 
Old Dan Tucker

Janet Schaw, North Carolina Candles, Soap, and Laundry, in Journal of a Lady of Quality, pp. 204-204

Recipes from the 18th Century South, at History.org's Colonial Williamsburg

African and White Relationships as described by Janet Schaw, an observer from Britain
(Schaw talks about her meeting with the people, then criticizes the men of North Carolina.)

Children in Nathan and Rachel Whitehead's household:
Nathan and his wife had the following children according to "Whitehead of Isle of Wight" (in Historical Southern Families, I [Genealogical Publishing Company]: 244):
Nathan Jr., Thomas, Benjamin, Rhoda, Isabel, Bell, Chloe, Mary, Henry, and Mathew.
(Many of these children were Rachel's; however, one or two may have been the children of another wife; Nathan according to other sources actually had two wives. The first was Mary Davis; when she died he married Rachel Rahab Culpepper. "Whitehead of Isle of Wight" believes that Nathan's son Thomas married Elizabeth Culpepper; according to other Wills and marriage records, Elizabeth Culpepper, who was Rachel's younger sister married a Thomas Whitehead.)

Documents: Marriages, Census, Wills

Marriages
These records include marriage dates, names of the brides and grooms.

Census
(from most 1790 census records one can learn how many persons were in a household, including perhaps the number of males and females, slaves and free)

Wills, Estates
From these records, you can identify many of the contents of the households, including goods, property, and slaves given to children--sometimes these might have already been in the children's hands, according to Edward Ball, but the Will made the transfer official and legal.



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Taverns and Public Places

(image at left from North American Brewer's Association http://www.northamericanbrewers.org)

Find eighteenth-century tavern images at: Art of the Print.com [http://www.artoftheprint.com]
-- See plate 3 of Hogarth's "A Rake's Progress!"
(Hogarth was an 18th century British artist who painted a number of images of drinking; this one's at [http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/hogarth_william_arakesprogresscompletesetofeight.htm].)
(NOTE: if you have trouble getting Hogarth's work to display in the link above, go to Art of the Print's main page at by typing in: http://www.artoftheprint.com (you must type it; can't just click!). Enter "Hogarth" in the search box; scroll down through the results till you see "A Rake's Progress;" an image from that collection will then be displayed, and below it all eight clickable images from the collection, including the third plate which depicts night entertainment.)



An Act for Regulating Ordinaries and Houses of Entertainments; and for other Purposes. (North Carolina, 1758).

Questions for Thought:

  1. What are some of the things a traveller can get at an 'Ordinary?' Which of these seems to be most regulated by the law?
  2. After what date are the prices set for Ordinaries? Why might this date have been important? Any speculations?

John Brickell, on Drinking in North Carolina
  ". . . amongst the better Sort, or those of good OEconomy, it is quite otherwise, who seldom frequent the Taverns, having plenty of Wine, Rum, and other Liquors at their own Houses, which they generously make use of amongst their Friends and Acquaintance, after a most decent and discreet Manner, and are not so subject to Disorders as those who Debauch themselves in such a Beastly Manner."
--from John Brickell, Description of North Carolina's People, The Natural History of North-Carolina.

Brewing in Carolina
  Brewing in the South explains that winemaking was a major part of Carolina's early industry:
  "The great difference between liquor licenses and wine licenses, in the matter of fees, in Carolina, shows how consistently the lawmakers adhered to the policy of favoring domestic viticulture. Even before the time when the immigration of the French refugees began to assume considerable proportions, wine made in the Colony from native grapes had been sent to England, where 'the best palates well approved of it.'"

Tuscacora Chief on Alcohol
  "We return you many thanks in bringing our people from Carolina [where they lived but wretchedly,] being surrounded by White People, and up to their Lips in Rum, so that they cou'd not turn their heads anyway but it ran up their mouths. this made them stupid, so that they neglected Hunting, Planting, & c.
  "[We] beg of you, to prevail upon the Six Nations to allow us to remain where we now are, fearing that if we return we may fall into the same Error again, as we understand they have Liquor in plenty among them.
  "We also request you wou'd give us some medicine to cure us of our fondness for that destructive liquor."
--Aucus al Kanigut, Tuscacora Chief, at Johnson Hall, New York, February, 1767. Quoted by Peter C. Mancall (1995), in Deadly Medicine (Ithaca: Cornell University Press); rpt. from The Papers of Sir William Johnson, Vol. 10, ed. James Sullivan, et. al.

More Resources on Taverns
  



  [Return to Menu]
The Church: Quaker Religion and Other Religion in North Carolina
  • Religious Freedom
    • "Every Sect of Religion abounds here, except the Roman Catholic, and by the best Information I can get, Presbytery, and a Sect who call themselves New Lights (not of the Flock of Mr. Whitfield) but Superior Lights from New England, appear in the Front: These New Lights live chiefly in the Maritime Counties; the Presbyterians are settled mostly in the Back or Westward Counties. The Church of England I reckon at present to have the Majority of all other Sects; and when a sufficient Number of Clergy as exemplary in their Lives, as orthodox in their Doctrine, can persuade themselves to come into This Country, I doubt not but the larger Number of every Sect would come over to the Established Religion."
      --William Tryon to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, July 31, 1765; cited by Powell, 1980-81 Correspondance of WIlliam Tryon and Other Selected Papers, 2 vols; Vol 1:44 (Raleigh: Department of Cultural Resources); cited in Society in Early North Carolina: A Documentary History, ed. Alan D. Watson (2000; Raleigh: Department of Cultural Resources).
    • "By what I have already urged, my Readers will naturally observe, that there is Liberty of Conscience allowed in the whole Province; however, the Planters live in the greatest Harmony imaginable, no Disputes or Controversies are ever observed to arrise among them about their Religious Principles. They always treat each other with Friendship and Hospitality, and never dispute over their Liquor . . ."
      --from Brickell, John, Description of North Carolina's People, The Natural History of North-Carolina.
    • "As to North Carolina, the State of Religion therein, is greatly to be lamented--If it can be said, That there is any Religion, or a Religious Person in it. A Church was founded at Wilmington in 1753. Another at Brunswick in 1756, the Walls of each are carried up about 10 or 12 feet and so remain."
      --Woodmason, Carolina Backcountry; cited in Watson.

      Question for Thought:
      1. What religion is Watson referring to? What about Tryon above, what does Tryon mean by "the established religion?"
  • Presbyterian
  • Quakers
    • 20, January, 1745/6.
      Lewis Whitehead [son of Arthur Whitehead, brother of Nathan] at liberty to marry Mary Watkins.
      --Pagan Creek Monthly Meeting, Isle of Wight County. Cited in Historical Southern Families. I. (Genealogical Publishing Company): 243.
    • 15, August, 1747.
      Mary Whitehead [daughter of Arthur Whitehead, sister of Nathan] at liberty to marry Benjamin Denson.
      --Pagan Creek Monthly Meeting, Isle of Wight County. Cited in Historical Southern Families. I. (Genealogical Publishing Company): 243.
    • Roots Web on Quaker Meetings:
      "Friends commonly attended local meetings twice weekly, 1st day and 5th day. In Mass./RI during the 18th Century, almost all Friends marriages seem to have occurred in public meeting on 5th day, perhaps never at 1st day meeting. Was 5th day the traditional wedding day in Friends' society? Was 5th day meeting generally convened about sundown, or earlier in the day? Wondering if wedding vows were traditionally exchanged by daylight or candlelight."
    • Meeting House in Guilford, N.C. built 1754; picture created sometime later
    • [1760.][5th mo.] From . . . Quartly Meeting held in the Old Neck in the County of Perquimons it and 1st days of 5th and 6th months 1760.
      It appears to this monthly meeting by petition of friends of Northampton Edge Comb and Hertford Counties. they the Inhabitance of Said Counties Called Quakers, Requested to have a Monthly Meeting Settled amongst them at their meeting at Rich Square in said County the first seventh day in each month and also a general first days meeting the day following which Said request of theirs is approved by this Meeting and accordingly granted and friends appoints Jospeh Robinson Benjamin WIlson John Nixon Francis Toms to visit said friends upon Setting Said meeting and make report to next Quarterly Meeting.
      --Francis Nixon Clk. of the Quarterly Meeting. Cited Watson, pp. 247-248.
    • North Carolina Friends Narratives: George Fox's Travels
    • Quaker Migration from Virginia to North Carolina

    • Quakers in the Slavery Debate

      1776.
      From the Quakers.
      "Keeping our fellow men in bondage is inconsistent with the law of righteousness."
      ". . . all members . . . who hold slaves be earnestly and affectionately advised to Cleanse their Hands of them as soon as they possibly can . . . ."

      1777. From the North Carolina General Assembly: Law to Prevent Domestic Insurrections.
      the "evil and pernicious practice of freeing Slaves in this State, ought at this alarming and critical Time to be guarded against. . . . "

      1795.
      July 29, 1795.
      The Pennsylvania Gazette. (In Colonial Newspapers at the North Carolina Office of Archives & History).

      Extract of a letter from Wilmington, NC. dated July 5.

      "For some weeks past a number of run away Negroes, who, in the day time secrete themselves in the swamps and woods in the vicinity of this town, have at night committed various depredations on the neighbouring plantations; not contented with these predatory excursions, they have added to their other enormities the murder of Mr. Jacob Lewis, overseer to A.D. Moore, Esq; and have also wounded Mr. Wm. Steely.-These continued outrages induced the Magistracy to outlaw the whole of the banditti, in consequence of which a number of them have been shot at different times and places; among the number killed is their chieftain, who stiled himself the General of the Swamps. And yesterday the following, who murdered Mr. Lewis, expiated his crimes by a public execution at Gallows Green. He confessed the crime, and acknowledged the justice of his sentence.

      "These well-timed severities, together with the necessary measures now pursuing, will, it is hoped, speedily and totally break up this nest of miscreants."

      1797.
      December 6, 1797.
      The Pennsylvania Gazette. (In Colonial Newspapers at the North Carolina Office of Archives & History). "To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled. The Memorial and Address of the people called Quakers, from their yearly meeting held in Philadelphia by adjournments, from the 25th of the 9th month, to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1797, Respectfully sheweth, That being convened at this, our annual solemnity, for the promotion of the cause of truth and righteousness, we have been favoured to experience religious weight to attend our minds, and an anxious desire to follow after those things which make for peace; among other investigations, the oppressed state of our brethren of the African race has been brought into view, and particularly the circumstances of 134 in North-Carolina, and many others, whose cases have not so fully come to our knowledge, who were set free by members of our religious society, and again reduced into cruel bondage, under the authority of existing or retrospective laws; husbands and wives and children, separated one from another; which we apprehend to be an abominable tragedy, and with other acts of a similar nature practised in other states, has a tendency to bring down the judgment of a righteous God upon our land."



  • African American (Slave) Religion
    • Bantu Religion and Mythology
      See especially Alice Werner's "Myths and Legends of the Bantu" at Sacred-texts.com, and the story of Khodumodurno, or Karnmapa (this is actually the story of a Bantu hero, Moshanyan or Ditaolane!; the story is also found in my encyclopedia of World Mythology! I think Moshanyan (which is a name for 'little boy' in Bantu according to "Sacred-texts.com;" however Moses is pronounced "Moshe" in Hebrew and "eyan" is a Semitic suffix used in Arabic and Hebrew) Moses because Africans describe in their slavery narratives how in Africa they practiced circumcision and other Jewish customs; some Africans now argue that they are descended from Jews; see "Africa Tribe Presses for Recognition as Jews" in The Scribe [http://www.dangoor.com/72page25.html])
    • Moses Grandy, on Slaves' Religious Meetings
    • The Experience of Thomas H. Jones, who was a Slave for Forty-Three Years. (Boston: Printed by Bazin & Chandler, 1862):
      "I was then nearly eighteen years old. I waited and begged for a paper to join the church six months before I could get it. But all this time I was cheerful, as far as a slave can be, and very earnest to do all I could do for my master and mistress. I was resolved to convince them that I was happier and better for being a Christian; and my master at last acknowledged that he could not find any fault with my conduct, and that it was impossible to find a more faithful slave than I was to him. And so, at last, he gave me a paper to Ben English,the leader of the colored members, and I joined the love feast, and was taken into the church on trial for six months. I was put into Billy Cochrane's class. At the expiration of six months, I was received into the Church in full fellowship, Quaker Davis'class. I remained there three years. My master was much kinder after this time than he had ever been before; and I was allowed some more time to myself than I had been before. I pursued my studies as far as I could, but I soon found the utter impossibility of carrying on my studies as I wished to do. I was a slave, and all avenues to real improvement I found guarded with jealous care and cruel tenacity against the despised and desolated bondman."
      --Thomas Jones, from The Experience of Thomas H. Jones.
  • American Indian Religion
    • Iroquois Constitution:
      "they shall make an address and offer thanks to the earth where men dwell, to the streams of water, the pools, the springs and the lakes, to the maize and the fruits, to the medicinal herbs and trees, to the forest trees for their usefulness, to the animals that serve as food and give their pelts for clothing, to the great winds and the lesser winds, to the Thunderers, to the Sun, the mighty warrior, to the moon, to the messengers of the Creator who reveal his wishes and to the Great Creator who dwells in the heavens above, who gives all the things useful to men, and who is the source and the ruler of health and life."
       * * *
      "The Great Creator has made us of the one blood and of the same soil he made us and as only different tongues constitute different nations he established different hunting grounds and territories and made boundary lines between them."
      99. "The rites and festivals of each nation shall remain undisturbed and shall continue as before because they were given by the people of old times as useful and necessary for the good of men."
      (The Constitution then describes Traditional Iroquois Festivals.)
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Afterward: Land Use in the Roanoke, Tar, and Rock River Regions of North Carolina Today

Questions for thought:

  1. What are the environmental issues that International Paper addresses at its site? Are there any specific environmental issues that it should address that it does not seem to address?
  2. Why did Jonathan Campbell create his information on Superfund sites? Based on who he is, do you think he has listed sites fairly, over-listed them, or under-listed them? Or can you decide? What about the Environmental Protection Agency? It's a government agency? Would it ever conceal toxic spills or would it ever list spills that were hardly worth mentioning? If the EPA would do this, why would it do so? Check to see what problems the EPA lists for North Carolina--do you think this is a good list? Why or why not? How could you evaluate this information?



  • See also Land Use above!

    Questions for thought:

    1. What are the environmental issues that International Paper addresses at its site? Are there any specific environmental issues that it should address that it does not seem to address?
    2. Why did Jonathan Campbell create his information on Superfund sites? Based on who he is, do you think he has listed sites fairly, over-listed them, or under-listed them? Or can you decide? What about the Environmental Protection Agency? It's a government agency? Would it ever conceal toxic spills or would it ever list spills that were hardly worth mentioning? If the EPA would do this, why would it do so? Check to see what problems the EPA lists for North Carolina--do you think this is a good list? Why or why not? How could you evaluate this information?



    [Return to Menu]
    		• Afterward: Land Use and 'Everyman's Right'
    [Return to Menu]
    Resources

    Student Lesson/Activities on Primary Sources from The Library of Congress (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/lessons/psources/source.html);
    Try the Mindwalk Activity (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/lessons/psources/mindwalk.html) here!

    Document Analysis Worksheets from The National Archives and Record Administration's Digital Classroom:

    Resources Used
    (Documents, maps, images linked to from this page.)

    Additional Resources
    (Document collections, other online resources, and offline resources.)

    More Links to Swamps

    Water QuestMap Your Watershed and Learn More About Water Quality in America.



    [Return to Menu]


    (Graphic on this page created from a graphic at Microsoft Design Gallery Live, and the photo at Northeastern North Carolina's The Great Dismal Swamp.)



    This page last updated October, 2005; a few links are still out! Hope to have those soon!

    Note on Halloween (click to show)
    Halloween is believed to have originated among the Celts of Europe, though many groups have had harvest festivals. The Catholic Church created an "All Souls' Day" to replace "pagan practices" among its European believers and Celtic Harvest customs were incorporated into this Holiday.
    Click to close